Naked Potassium Chlorate

ehec bacterie symptomen

2011-06-02T13:26:00.000-07:00

ehec bacterie symptomen - EHEC bacterie symptomen: buikkrampen en (bloedige) diarree | Mens ...26 mei 2011 ... Symptomen EHEC bacterie symptomen: wat zijn symptomen EHEC bacterie: buikkrampen en (bloedige) diarree zijn de belangrijkste symptomen.
mens-en-gezondheid.infonu.nl/.../73800-ehec-bacterie-symptomen-buikkrampen-en-bloedige-diarree.html -

ehec bacterie

2011-06-02T13:20:00.000-07:00

ehec bacterie - SITTARD - De GGD Zuid-Limburg maakt zich zorgen over een dodelijke bacterie. De EHEC-bacterie, die in Duitsland al vijfhonderd mensen heeft besmet, is mogelijk verspreid via voedsel dat in de Duitse supermarkt ligt.

Toon videodetails Van: ANP-Vide

'EHEC-bacterie is erg besmettelijk'
De EHEC-bacterie is zeer besmettelijk en giftig, zeggen Duitse en Chinese onderzoekers. In Nederland hoeven we ons volgens deskundigen geen zorgen te maken over een uitbraak.

Giftig en zeer besmettelijk

De bacterie achter de EHEC-infecties in Duitsland is zeer besmettelijk. Dat heeft de wereldgezondheidsorganisatie WHO gezegd. De infecties blijken te worden veroorzaakt door een geheel nieuwe stam van de E.colibacterie.

Resistent voor antibiotica

Wetenschappers uit China en Duitsland hebben de genen van de stam die de infecties veroorzaakt onderzocht. Volgens hen is de neiuwe bacterie nog nooit eerder gezien. Ze zeggen bovendien dat sommige genen resistent zijn voor bepaalde gangbare antibiotica.

19 doden
De EHEC-bacterie kan diarree, buikkramp en nierklachten veroorzaken. Inmiddels zijn alleen al in Duitsland 18 mensen aan de bacterie overleden. In Zweden overleed één vrouw. In Nederland zijn voor zover bekend vijf mensen ziek geworden van de bacterie. Alle mensen die besmet raakte, zijn kort geleden in Duitsland geweest.

Bron is onduidelijk
Het is nog steeds niet duidelijk wat de bron is van de besmetting. Eerst werd gedacht dat de besmetting was begonnen met een lading komkommers uit Spanje, maar dat bericht werd later ingetrokken. Volgens Duitse onderzoekers staat zelfs niet eens vast dat groenten verdacht zijn.

Telers

Desondanks zijn groentetelers ook in Nederland in zware problemen gekomen. Vandaag kondigde Rusland aan geen enkele groenten meer uit Europa te importeren. Rusland is de derde belangrijke afzetmarkt voor Nederlandse telers

Make Luminol - The Complete Guide

2011-06-02T04:25:00.000-07:00

Make Luminol - The Complete Guide

In this video we make luminol from domestically available chemicals.

The process pretty complicated and dangerous at parts and so should only performed by, or under the direct supervision of, an experienced chemist.

First we obtain diethylhexyl phthalate by refluxing 50g of finely cut vinyl gloves in enough isopropanol to completely cover them for at least one hour, preferably three to four.

The alcohol solution of diethylhexyl phthalate is filtered and the supernatant is boiled until it reduces to half its volume. An equal amount of water along with 10g of sodium hydroxide is added and the mixture boiled for an hour. This causes the diethylhexyl phthalate to hydrolyze into phthalic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. After the solution cools it will phase separate into an aqueous layer containing disodium phthalate and an organic layer containing the alcohols.

Retaining just the aqueous layer, 25mL of 12 molar hydrochloric acid is added to precipitate the phthalic acid. Chilling may be necessary. The supernatant is discarded and the residue of wet phthalic acid is purified and converted into phthalic anhydride by heating it to 300 Celsius. First the water boils off and then the phthalic anhydride evaporates and condenses on the sides of the beaker. At this point a flask of cold water is placed over the beaker to allow the phthalic anhydride to deposit on it. Periodically the phthalic anhydride deposits are harvested until no more can be obtained.

45mL of sulfuric acid along with 13g phthalic anhydride and 19g of sodium nitrate are stirred together with the temperature slowly ramped up to 110 celsius. Once the temperature is reached the reaction is held for one hour to nitrate the phthalic anhydride to 3-nitrophthalic anhydride. Heating is then removed and the mixture allowed to cool back to room temperature. The gelled mixture is then transferred into 150mL of ice-cold water and vigorously stirred until all the chunks are broken up and nitrogen dioxide gas is no longer produced. Then the mixture is allowed to settle overnight. Then it is vacuum filtered and washed with two 50mL portions of water and allowed to dry under the forced air stream.

1g of the 3-nitrophthalic acid is combined with 616mg hydrazine sulfate and 1.4 sodium acetate trihydrate and 1mL of water. The mixture is boiled with a heat gun until dry. Then 4mL of polyethylene glycol (dot 3 brake fluid) with a boiling point higher than 230 celsius is added. The mixture is heated to 220 Celsius for ten minutes.

The mixture is allowed to cool to below 80 Celsius and then transferred into a large beaker with 100mL of water. 10g sodium hydroxide and 13g sodium metabisulfite are dissolved into the mixture. 5g of torn aluminum foil is then jammed into the beaker and held down with a flask while another flask of cold water is placed on top. Vigorous hydrogen evolution and self-heating will occur as the aluminum foil reacts. The mixture is allowed to reflux until it stops on its own. Additional aluminum foil is added and the process repeated until the mixture has no further change in color.

The mixture is filtered and the residue washed with an additional 50mL of water. The filtrate is then separated from any floating organic products. In a separate container a solution of 200mL of water and 25g of sodium bisulfate is prepared. 100mL of acetone is added and the filtrate is directly added to the mixture with vigorous stirring. Stirring is continued until there is no further change in the consistency or volume of the slurry. The supernatant is decanted off and allowed to evaporate.

The cake of luminol is mixed with 100mL of water and thoroughly washed to remove any remaining salts. The mixture is vacuum filtered and allowed to dry.

The Luminol can be tested by reacting an alkaline solution of it with bleach.

Make Luminol - The Abridged Guide

2011-06-02T04:23:00.000-07:00

Make Luminol - The Abridged Guide

In this video we make luminol from domestically available chemicals.

The process pretty complicated and dangerous at parts and so should only performed by, or under the direct supervision of, an experienced chemist.

First we obtain diethylhexyl phthalate by refluxing 50g of finely cut vinyl gloves in enough isopropanol to completely cover them for at least one hour, preferably three to four.

The cake of luminol is mixed with 100mL of water and thoroughly washed to remove any remaining salts. The mixture is vacuum filtered and allowed to dry.

The Luminol can be tested by reacting an alkaline solution of it with bleach.

How To Make Sodium Nitrate, A Potassium Nitrate Substitute

2011-06-02T04:20:00.000-07:00

How To Make Sodium Nitrate, A Potassium Nitrate Substitute

Hey Guys this is how to make sodium nitrate, which can substitute for potassium nitrate in almost all pyrotechnic purposes except flame color. What You Will Need:150ml of Water, 84 Grams Of Baking Soda, And An Instant Cold Pack . I Give Lots Of Credit To Nurd Rage.

How To Make Potassium Nitrate

2011-06-02T04:17:00.000-07:00

How To Make Potassium Nitrate - Make Potassium Nitrate from Instant Cold Packs and Potassium Hydroxide

Warning: This reaction will produce large quantities of toxic ammonia gas. Perform the reaction outside or in a fume hood. Potassium hydroxide is highly corrosive; wear gloves when working with it.

Also note that this video is for those interested in the chemistry, it's not cheaper/better/easier than buying it.

Some instant cold packs contain ammonium nitrate as their active ingredient and when mixed with potassium hydroxide will produce potassium nitrate and ammonia gas.

Get an instant cold pack that clearly says it contains ammonium nitrate, cut it open, and pour the contents into a container. If its unused there will be a water pouch that you can discard. The rest of the pack is ammonium nitrate. Usually its coated in an anti-caking agent so it'll be off-color.

If you're using an already used instant cold pack then filter out the liquid and let it evaporate until it's dry. The crystals will be ammonium nitrate.

Take 80 grams of ammonium nitrate and dissolve in 70 milliliters of hot water. This will take some time so be patient. It will take even longer in cold water so use hot water when you can.

If it has an insoluble anti-caking agent then you need to filter it off through a coffee filter.

Separately, measure out 56 grams of potassium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide is sold online to make homemade soaps and for biodiesel.

Add just enough water to completely dissolve the potassium hydroxide.

When both solutions are clear and ready, add the ammonium nitrate solution to the potassium hydroxide solution. This step will produce large amounts of ammonia gas and must be done outside or in a fumehood.

Leave the solution in a very well-ventilated area (outside is best) for all the water and ammonia to evaporate. You can also boil the solution to dryness, just remember it is still producing ammonia.

Now you have potassium nitrate!

To test it, mix a small portion with an equal amount of sugar and set it on fire. Normally pure sugar does not burn but if the potassium nitrate works then it will flare up in a purplish pink flame.

Making Sodium Metal

2011-06-02T04:15:00.000-07:00

Making Sodium Metal - This is one way sodium metal can be synthesized using NaOH and Mg. Mg, being a more reactive chemical than sodium at high temperature with oxygen, breaks down the NaOH, leaving ingots of elemental sodium within the ash.

2Mg + 2NaOH = 2MgO + 2Na + H2

Thanks to NurdRage for the equation.
http://www.youtube.com/NurdRage

How to Make Ammonium Nitrate

2011-06-02T04:13:00.000-07:00

How to Make Ammonium Nitrate - In this video we make ammonium nitrate from various off-the-shelf chemicals.

Note: This is not cheaper than buying it directly, once again our objective is to explore the chemistry.

Warning: The chemicals are corrosive and ammonia has a horrible smell, work outside or in a fumehood and wear gloves.First get 138 grams of sodium bisulfate and add just enough water to dissolve it, usually 300mL.Then get one mole equivalent of a pure nitrate salt. Some common salts include:

Sodium nitrate: 85 grams.
Potassium nitrate: 101 grams.
Calcium nitrate: 118 grams (if using tetrahydrate)

Dissolve the nitrate in a minimum of water, then mix the two solutions together.

Neutralize the mixture with ammonia (using a pH meter to determine the endpoint).

Filter the mixture to get rid of any insoluble materials if needed, then boil until sodium sulfate begins to precipitate. Then cool the mixture to 0 Celsius and filter. Dry the filtrate to obtain ammonium nitrate mixed with some leftover metal sulfates.

For higher purity the solids can be mixed with 500mL of methanol which selectively dissolves ammonium nitrate. Filter again and evaporate the filtrate to obtain pure ammonium nitrate.

Sexting/#Weinergate: Bolling & Breitbart Expose Media Double-Standard & Jeffrey Toobin's Hypocrisy (Update: Weiner: "I can't say with certitude that picture is of me")

2011-06-02T04:08:00.001-07:00

Sexting/#Weinergate: Bolling & Breitbart Expose Media Double-Standard & Jeffrey Toobin's Hypocrisy (Update: Weiner: "I can't say with certitude that picture is of me")
One doesn't turn a hack into a prank.

Congressman Weiner plans another press conference this afternoon.

He is also meeting with different newsers..one on one....stock up on popcorn..

A sitting Congressman state's I can't say with certitude that picture is of me"[ZIP]. He doesn't recognize his junk? Pleeeeze.........

Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach

2011-06-02T03:57:00.000-07:00

Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach - How to Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach and sodium-free salt.

Warning: This produces small amounts of chlorine gas, this should be done outside or in a fumehood.

Potassium chlorate is a useful oxidizer and small amounts can be easily made using household chemicals. Start by boiling a large quantity of household laundry bleach, at least half a liter, until crystals start to precipitate. Immediately take it off heating and let it cool. As it cools make a saturated solution of potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is sold as a "sodium-free" salt substitute. Now once the bleach is cooled, measure out an equal volume of potassium chloride solution and pour into the boiled bleach solution but do not mix in the crystals. Stir up the mixture and eventually potassium chlorate crystals will precipitate out.

What's happening is the sodium hypochlorite in the bleach is disproportionating to form sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. Adding the potassium chloride exchanges the ions and precipitates out potassium chlorate.

The boiling is required for this reaction to work; you can't simply let the bleach evaporate.